Details of the empirical research base for individual psychotherapy
This engagement of pure psychology with the details of the quantitative justification for individual
practice is based on the following. The following two tables provide the details of the 186 papers
Emerging consensus about effective therapy to date.
Behaviour - Higgins et al 1993, Drummond & Glautier 1994CBT & relapse prevention - Carroll et al 1994Social skills - McGrady et al 1986, Benton & Schroeder 1990, Mattick & Jarvis 1993
Social skills - Hogarty et al 1986, Eckman et al 1992, Marder et al 1996Supportive - Hogarty et al 1974, Gunderson et al 1984
CBT - Elkin et al 1989, Thase et al 1991, Depression Guideline Panel 1993, Jacobson et al 1996
Behaviour - McLean & Hakistan 1979, Bellack et al 1981, 1983, Jacobson et al 1996Cognitive - Nezu 1986, Dobson 1989, Nezu & Perri 1989, Hollon et al 1991, 1993, Mintz et al 1992, Stravynski& Greenberg 1992, Gaffan et al 1995CBT - Robinson et al 1990, Makowitz 1996Interpersonal - Elkin et al 1989, 1995
Exposure - Munby & Johnston 1980, Burns et al 1986, Jansson & Ost 1982, Jansson et al 1986, Ghosh et al 1988,Jacobson et al 1988, Trull et al 1988, Cox et al 1992, van Balkom 1997
Behaviour - Barlow et al 1989, Craske et al 1991, Clark et al 1994Cognitive - Sokol et al 1989, Beck et al 1992CBT - Clum 1989, Klosko et al 1990, Michelson & Marchione 1991, Salkovskis et al 1991Panic therapy - Jacobson et al 1988, Barlow et al 1989, Craske et al 1991, Clum et al 1993, Margraf et al 1993,Telch et al 1993, Gould 1995, Milrod & Busch 1996, van Balkom 1997
Behaviour - Bandura et al 1969, Crowe et al 1972, Ost 1978, Kirsch et al 1983, Marshall 1985, 1988, Ost et al1991, Donohue et al 1994, Emmelkamp et al 1994, Heimberg & Juster 1995, Herbert 1995CBT - Ledwidge 1978, Heimberg 1990, Heimberg et al 1994
Behaviour - Paul & Shannon 1966, Paul 1967a, Woy & Efran 1972, Ost et al 1981, Wlazlo et al 1990, Feske &Chambless 1995Cognitive - Hope 1990, Chambless & Gillis 1993CBT - Scholing & Emmelkamp 1993, Taylor 1996Social skills - Bandura 1971, 1977, Mersh et al 1991
Exposure & relapse prevention - Solyom & Sookman 1977, Marks et al 1980, Christensen et al 1987, van Balkomet al 1994, Steketee & Shapiro 1995CBT & relapse prevention - Abramowitz 1996, 1997, Cox et al, van Balkom et al 1994Cognitive - Emmelkamp & Beens 1991, O’Sullivan et al 1991, van Oppen et al 1995
Behaviour - Brom et al 1989, Cooper & Clum 1989, Keane et al 1989, Boudewyns & Hyer 1990, Foa et al 1989,1991CBT - Resick et al 1988, Cooper & Clum 1989, Keane et al 1989, Boudewyns & Hyer 1990, Resick & Schnike1992Stress inoculation & EMDR - Shalev et al 1996, Solomon et al 1992
Behaviour - Butler et al 1991CBT - Borkovec et al 1987, Durham & Turvey 1987, Power et al 1990, Butler et al 1991, Barlow et al 1992,Gould et al 1997Relaxation skills - Barlow et al 1992, Borkovec et al 1987, Borkovec & Costello 1993
CBT & dietary management - Chanon et al 1989, Treasure et al 1995
CBT - Freeman et al 1988, Mitchell et al 1990, 1993, Fairburn et al 1993, Wilson & Fairburn 1993, Agras et al1989, 1992, Thackwray et al 1993, Mitchell et al 1996, Lewandowski et al 1997Interpersonal - Fairburn et al 1993, Wilfley et al 1993
Axis II “personality disorders”.
Dialectical - Linehan et al 1991, 1993Psychodynamic - Howard et al 1986, Waldinger & Gunderson 1987, Hoke 1989
Social skills - Stravinski et al 1982, 1994
Brief dynamic - Hill 1970, Gabbard 1994, Winston et al 1994
References
ABRAMOWITZ, J.S. (1996). Variants of exposure and response prevention in the treatment of obsessive
compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27, 583-600.
ABRAMOWITZ, J.S. (1997). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for
obsessive compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
AGRAS, W.S., SCHNEIDER, J.A., ARNOW, B., RAEBURN, S.D. & TELCH, C.F. (1989). Cognitive-
behavioral and response-prevention treatments for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 57, 215-221.
AGRAS, W.S., ROSSITER, E.M., ARNOW, B., SCHNEIDER, J.A., TELCH, C.F., RAEBURN, S.D.,
BRUCE, B., PERL, M. & KORAN, L.M. (1992). Pharmacologic and cognitive-behavioral treatments for
bulimia nervosa: A controlled comparison. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 82-87.
ALDEN, L.E. (1989). Short-term structured treatment for avoidant personality disorder. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 756-764.
BANDURA, A., BLANCHARD, A.B. & RITTER, B. (1969). Relative efficacy of desensitization and
modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective and attitudinal change. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 13, 173-199.
BARLOW, D.H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New
BARLOW, D.H., CRASKE, M.G., CERNY, J.A. & KLOSKO, J.S. (1989). Behavioral treatment of
panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 261-282.
BARLOW, D.H., RAPEE, R.M. & BROWN, T.A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety
disorder. Behavior Therapy, 23, 551-570.
BECK, A.T. & FREEMAN, A. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorder. New York: Guilford.
BECK, A.T., SOKOL, L., CLARK, D.A., BERCHICK, R. & WRIGHT, F. (1992). A crossover study of
focused cognitive therapy for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 778-783.
BELLACK, A.S., HERSEN, M. & HIMMELHOCH, J. (1981). Social skills training compared with
pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of unipolar depression. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 138, 1562-1566.
BELLACK, A.S. & HERSEN, M. & HIMMELHOCH, J. (1983). A comparison of social skills training,
pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 101-107.
BENTON, M.K. & SCHROEDER, H.E. (1990). Social skills training with schizophrenics: A meta-
analytic evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 741-747.
BORKOVEC, T.D. & COSTELLO, E. (1993). Efficacy of applied relaxation and cognitive-behavioral
therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
BORKOVEC, T.D., MATHEWS, A.M., CHAMBERS, A., EBRAHIMI, S., LITTLE, R. & NELSON, R.
(1987). The effects of relaxation training with cognitive therapy or nondirective therapy and the role of
relaxation-induced anxiety in the treatment of generalised anxiety. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 25, 883-888.
BOUDEWYNS, P.A. & HYER, L. (1990). Physiological response to combat memories and preliminary
treatment outcome in Vietnam veteran PTSD patients treated with direct therapeutic exposure. Behavior
BROM, D., KLEBER, R.J. & DEFARES, P.B. (1989). Brief psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress
disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 607-612.
BURNS, L.E., THORPE, G.L. & CAVALLARO, L.A. (1986). Agoraphobia 8 years after behavioral
treatment: A follow-up study with interview, self-report, and behavioral data. Behavioral Therapy, 17,
BUTLER, G., FENNELL, M., ROBSON, P. & GELDER, M. (1991). Comparison of behavior therapy
and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consultingand Clinical Psychology, 59, 167-175.
CARROLL, K.M., ROUSAVILLE, B.J., GORDON, L.T., NICH, C., JATLOW, P., BISIGHINI, R.N. &
GAWIN, F.H. (1994). Psychotherapy and pharmacology for ambulatory cocaine abusers. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry, 51, 177-187.
CASHDAN, S. (1982). Interactional psychotherapy: Using the relationship. In A.J. Kiesler (Ed.)
Handbook of interpersonal psychotherapy. (pp. ). New York: Pergammon.
CHAMBLESS, D.L. & GILLIS, M.M. (1993). Cognitive therapy of anxiety disorders. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 248-260
CHAMBLESS, D.L., BAKER, M.J., BAUCOM, D.H., BEUTLER, L.E., CALHOUN, K.S., CRITS-
CHRISTOPH, P., DAIUTO, A., DeRUBEIS, R., DETWELLER, J., HAAGA, D.A.F., JOHNOSON,
S.B., McCURRY, S., MUESER, K.T., POPE, K.S., SANDERSON, W.C., SHOHAM, V., STICKLE, T.,
WILLIAMS, W.C. & WOODY, S.R. (1988). Update on empirically validated therapies II. The ClinicalPsychologist, 51, 3-16.
CHANNON, S., deSILVA, P., HELMSLEY, D. & PERKINS, R. (1989). A controlled trial of cognitive-
behavioural treatment and behavioural treatment of anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy,
CHRISTENSEN, H., HADZI, P., ANDREWS, G. & MATTICK, R. (1987). Behavior therapy and
tricyclic medication in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A quantitative review. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 701-711.
CLARK, D.M., SALKOVSKIS, P.M., HACKMANN, A., MIDDLETON, H., ANASTASIDES, P. &
GELDER, M. (1994). A comparison of cognitive therapy, applied relaxation, and imipramine in the
treatment of panic disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 759-769.
CLUM, G.A. (1989). Psychological intervention vs drugs in the treatment of panic. Behavioral Therapy,
CLUM, G.A., CLUM, G.A. & SURLS, R. (1993). A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 317-326.
COCHRAN, S.D. (1984). Preventing medical noncompliance in the outpatient treatment of bipolar
affective disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 873-878.
COHEN, L.H., SARGENT, M.M. & SECHREST, L.B. (1986). Use of psychotherapy research by
professional psychologists. American Psychologist, 41, 198-206.
COOPER, N.A. & CLUM, G.A. (1989). Imaginal flooding as a supplementary treatment for PTSD in
combat veterans: A controlled study. Behavioral Therapy,20, 381-391.
COX, B.J., ENDLER, N.S. & LEE, P.S. (1992). A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder with
agoraphobia: Imipramine, alprazolam and in vivo exposure. Journal of Behavior Therapy andExperimental Psychiatry, 23, 175-182.
COX, B.J., SWINSON, R.P., MORRISON, B. & LEE, P.S. (1993). Clomipramine, fluoxetine, and
behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal ofBehavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 24, 149-153.
CRAIGHEAD, L.W. & AGRAS, W.S. (1991). Mechanisms of action in cognitive-behavioral and
pharmacological interventions for obesity and bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 59, 115-125.
CRASKE, M.G., BROWN, T.A. & BARLOW, D.H. (1991). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder: A
two-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 22, 289-304.
CROWE, M.J., MARKS, I.M., AGRAS, W.S. & LEITENBERG, H. (1972). Time-limited
desensitization, implosion and shaping for phobic patients: A cross-over study. Behaviour Research and
DAR, R., SERLIN, R.C. & OMER, H. (1994). Misuse of statistical tests in three decades of
psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 75-82.
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH (1999). Clinical governance practice guidelines. London: Department of
DEPARTMENT of HEALTH (2001). Treatment choice in the psychological therapies and counselling:Evidence based clinical practice guideline. London: Department of Health.
DEPRESSION GUIDELINE PANEL (1993). Clinical practice guideline, depression in primary care:Vol 2, treatment of major depression. Rockville: Department of Health and Human Sources.
DiMASCIO, A., WEISSMAN, M.M., PRUSOFF, B.A., NEU, C., ZWILLING, M. & KLERMAN, G.L.
(1979). Differential symptom reduction by drugs and psychotherapy in acute depression. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry, 36, 1450-1456.
DOBSON, K.S. (1989). A meta-analysis of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for depression. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 414-419.
DONONHUE, B.C., VanHASSELT, V.B. & HERSEN, M. (1994). Behavioral assessment and treatment
of social phobia. Behavior Modification, 18, 262-288.
DRUMMOND, D.C. & GLAUTIER, S. (1994). A controlled trial of Q exposure treatment in alcohol
dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology62, 809-817.
DURHAM, R.C., MURPHY, T., ALLAN, T., RICHARD, K., TRELIVING, L.R. & FENTON, G.W.
(1994). Cognitive therapy, analytic psychotherapy and anxiety management training for generalized
anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 315-323.
DURHAM, R.C. & TURVEY, A.A. (1987). Cognitive therapy vs behaviour therapy in the treatment of
chronic general anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 229-234.
ECKMAN, T.A., WIRSHING, W.C., MARDAR, S.R., LIBERMAN, R.P., JOHNSTON-CRONK, K.,
ZIMMERMAN, K. & MINTZ, J. (1992). Technique for training schizophrenic patients in illness self-
management: A controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1549-1555.
ELKIN, I., GIBBONS, R.D., SHEA, M.T., SOTSKY, S.M., WATKINS, J.T., PILKONIS, P.A. &
HEDEKER, D. (1995). Initial severity and differential treatment outcome in the National Institute of
Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 63, 841-847.
ELKIN, I., SHEA, M.T., WATKINS, J.T., IMBER, S.D., SOTSKY, S.M., COLLINS, J.F., GLASS,
D.R., PILKONIS, P.A., LEBER, W.R., DOCHERTY, J.P., FIESTER, S.J. & PARLOFF, M.B. (1989).
National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: General
effectiveness of treatments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 971-982.
EMMELKAMP, P.M.G. (1994). Behavior therapy with adults. In A.E. Bergin & S.L. Garfield (Eds.)
Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed). (pp. ). New York: Wiley.
EMMELKAMP, P.M.G. & BEENS, H. (1991). Cognitive therapy with obsessive compulsive disorder: A
comparative evaluation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 293-300.
EMMELKAMP, P.M.G., VISSER, S. & HOEKSTRA, P. (1988). Cognitive therapy vs exposure in-vivo
in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 12, 103-114.
ERIKSEN, L., BJORNSTAD, S. & GOTESTAM, K.G. (1986). Social skills trainings in groups for
alcoholics: One year treatment outcome for groups and individuals. Addictive Behaviors, 11, 309-329.
FAIRBURN, C.G., JONES, R., PEVELER, R.C., HOPE, R.A. & O’CONNOR, M. (1993).
Psychotherapy and bulimia nervosa: Longer-term effects of interpersonal psychotherapy, behavior
therapy, and cognitive behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 419-428.
FESKE, U. & CHAMBLESS, D.L. (1995). Cognitive behavioral versus exposure only treatment for
social phobia: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 26, 695-720.
FINNEY, J.W. & MOOS, R.H. (1996). The effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment for
alcohol abuse: Effect sizes, research design issues, and explanatory mechanisms. Addiction, 91, 1813-
FOA, E.B., ROTHBAUM, B.O., RIGGS, D.S., & MURDOCK, T.B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic
stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 715-723.
FOA, E.B., STEKETEE, G. & ROTHBAUM, B. (1989). Behavioral/cognitive conceptualizations of
posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 155-176.
FRANK, E., KUPFER, D.J., PEREL, T.M., CORNES, C.L., JARRETT, D.J., MALLINGER, A.,
THASE, M.E., McEACHREM, A.B. & GROCHINSKI, V.J. (1990). Three year outcomes for
maintenance therapies in recurrent depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1093-1099.
FREEMAN, C.P.L., BARRY, F., DUNKELD-TURNBELL, J. & HENDERSON, A. (1988). Controlled
treatment of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. British Medical Journal, 296, 521-525.
GABBARD, G.O. (Ed.) (1995). Treatments of psychiatric disorders, 2 vols (2nd ed). Washington:
GAFFAN, E.A., TSAOUSIS, I. & KEMP-WHEELER, S.M. (1995). Researcher allegiance and meta-
analysis: The case of cognitive therapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
GALLAGHER-THOMPSON, D. & STEFFEN, A.M. (1994). Comparative effects of cognitive-
behavioral and brief dynamic therapy for depressed family caregivers. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 62, 543-549.
GHOSH, A., MARKS, I.M. & CARR, A.C. (1988). Therapist contact and outcome of self-exposure
treatment for phobias: A controlled study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 234-238.
GOULD, R.A., OTTO, M.W. & POLLACK, M.H. (1995). A meta-analysis of treatment outcome for
panic disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 819-844.
GOULD, R.A., OTTO, M.W., POLLACK, M.H. & YAP, L. (1997). Cognitive behavioral and
pharmacological treatment of generalised anxiety disorder: A preliminary meta-analysis. Behavior
GREENHALGH, T. (2001). How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine (2nd ed).
GUNDERSON, J.G., FRANK, A.F., KATZ, H.M., VANNICELLI, M.L., FROSH, J.P. & KNAPP, P.H.
(1984). Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: II. Comparative outcome of two forms of treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10, 564-598.
HALL, A. & CRISP, A.N. (1987). Brief psychotherapy in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. BritishJournal of Psychiatry, 151, 185-191.
HARTMANN, A., HERZOG, T. & DRINKMANN, A. (1992). Psychotherapy of bulimia nervosa: What
is effective? A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 36, 159-167.
HEIMBERG, R.G., DODGE, C.S., HOPE, D.A., KENNEDY, C.R. & ZOLLO, L.J. (1990). Cognitive
behavioral treatment for social phobia: Comparison with a credible placebo control. Cognitive Therapyand Research, 14, 1-23.
HEIMBERG, R.G., JUSTER, H.R., BROWN, E.J., HOLLE, C., MAKRIS, G.S., LEUNG, A.W.,
SCHNEIER, F.R., GIOTOW, A., & LIEBOWITZ, M.R. (1994). Cognitive-behavioural versus
pharmacological treatment of social phobia: Posttreatment and follow-up effects. Association for
Advancement of Behavior Therapy, San Diego, November.
HEIMBERG, R.G. & JUSTER, H.P. (1995). Cognitive-behavioral treatments: Literature review. In R.G.
Heimberg, M.R. Lieborwitz, D.A. Hope & F.R. Schneier (Eds) Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessmentand treatment. (pp. ). New York: Guilford Press.
HERBERT, J.D. (1995). An overview of the current status of social phobia. Applied and Preventive
HIGGINS, S.T., BUDNEY, A.J., BICKEL, W.K., HUGHES, J.R., FOEG, F. & BADGER, G. (1993).
Achieving cocaine abstinence with a behavioural approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 763-
HILL, D.E. (1970). Outpatient management of passive-dependent women. Hospital and CommunityPsychiatry,21, 402-405.
HISS, H., FOA, E.B. & KOZAK, M.J. (1994). Relapse prevention program for treatment of obsessive-
compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 801-808.
HOFFART, A. (1993). Cognitive treatments of agoraphobia: A critical evaluation of theoretical basis and
outcome evidence. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 7, 75-91.
HOGARTY, G.E., ANDERSON, C.M., REISS, D.J., KORNBLITH, S.J., GREENWALD, D.P.,
JAVNA, C.D. & MADONIA, M.J. (1986). Family education, social skills training and maintenance
chemotherapy in after care treatment of schizophrenia I: One year effects of a controlled study on relapse
and expressed emotion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 633-642.
HOGARTY, G.E., GOLDBERG, S.C. & SCHOOLER, N. (1974). Drug and sociotherapy in the aftercare
of schizophrenic patients. III. Adjustment of non-relapsed patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31,
HOKE, L.A. (1989). Longitudinal patterns of behaviours in borderline personality disorder. Dissertation
HOLLON, S.D., SHELTON, R.C. & LOOSEN, P.T. (1991). Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for
depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 88-99.
HOLLON, S.D., SHELTON, R.C. & DAVIS, D.D. (1993). Cognitive therapy for depression: Conceptual
issues and clinical efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 270-275.
HOPE, D.A., HEIMBERG, R.G., & BRUCH, M.A. (1990). The importance of cognitive interventions in
the treatment of social phobia. Annual Meeting of the Phobia Society of America. Washington.
JACOBSON, N.S., DOBSON, K.S., TRUAX, P.A., ADDIS, M.E., KOERNER, K., GOLLAN, J.K.,
GORTNER, E. & PRINCE, S.E. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for
depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295-304.
JACOBSON, N.S., WILSON, L. & TUPPER, C. (1988). The clinical significance of treatment gains
resulting from exposure based interventions for agoraphobia: A re-analysis of outcome data. Behavior
JANSSON, L. & OST, L.G. (1982). Behavioral treatments for agoraphobia: An evaluative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 311-336.
JANSSON, L., JERREMALM, A. & OST, L.G. (1986). Follow-up of agoraphobic patients treated with
exposure in vivo or applied relaxation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 486-490.
KAPLAN, H.S. (1986). Sexual aversions, sexual phobias and panic disorders. New York:
KEANE, T.M., FAIRBANK, J.A., CADDELL, J.M. & ZIMERING, R.T. (1989). Implosive (flooding)
therapy reduces symptoms of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Behavioral Therapy, 20, 245-260.
KIRSCH, I., TENNEM, H., WICKLESS, C., SACCONE, A.J. & CODY, S. (1983). The role of
expectancy in fear reduction. Behavior Therapy, 14, 520-533.
KLOSKO, J.S., BARLOW, D.H., TASSINARI, R. & CERNY, J.A. (1990). A comparison of alprazolam
and behavior therapy in treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58,
LEDWIDGE, B. (1978). Cognitive behavior modification: A step in the wrong direction? PsychologicalBulletin, 85, 353-375.
LEWANDOWSKI, L.M., GEBING, T.A., ANTHONY, J.L. & O’BRIEN, W.H. (1997). Meta-analysis
of cognitive-behavioral treatment studies for bulimia. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 703-718.
LINEHAN, M.M., ARMSTRONG, H.E., SUAREZ, A., ALLMON, D. & HEARD, H.L. (1991).
Cognitive-behavioral treatment of chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of GeneralPsychiatry, 48, 1060-1064.
LINEHAN, M.M., HEARD, H.L. & ARMSTRONG, H.E. (1993). Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral
treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 971-974.
MARDER, S.R., WIRSHING, W.C., MINTZ, J., McKENZIE, J., JOHNSTON, K., ECKMAN, T.A.,
LEBELL, M., ZIMMERMAN, K. & LIBERMAN, R.P. (1996). Two-year outcome of social skills
training and group psychotherapy for outpatients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry,
MARGRAF, J., BARLOW, D.H., CLARK, D.M. & TELCH, M.J. (1993). Psychological treatment of
panic: Work in progress on outcome, active ingredients and follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy,
MARKOWITZ, J.C. (1996). Psychotherapy for dysthymic disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North
MARKS, I.M. (1987). Fears, phobias and rituals. New York: Oxford University Press.
MARKS, I.M., STERN, R.S., MAWSON, D., COBB, J. & McDONALD, R. (1980). Clomipramine and
exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals - I. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1-25.
MARSHALL, W.L. (1985). The effects of variable exposure in flooding therapy. Behavior Therapy, 16,
MARSHALL, W.L. (1988). Behavioural indices of habituation and sensitisation during exposure to
phobic stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 67-77.
MATTICK, R.P. & JARVIS, T. (Eds.)(1993). An outline for the management of alcohol problems:Quality assurance in the treatment of drug dependence project. Canberra: Australian Government
McGRADY, B.S., LONGABAUGH, R., FINK, E. & STOUT, R. (1986). Cost-effectiveness of
alcoholism treatment in partial hospital versus in-patient settings after brief in-patient treatment: 12
month outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 708-713.
McLEAN, P.D. & HACKSTIAN, A.R. (1979). Clinical depression: Comparative efficacy of outpatient
treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 818-836.
MERSCH, P.P.A., EMMELKAMP, P.M.G. & LIPS, C. (1991). Social phobia: Individual response
patterns and the long-term effects of behavioural and cognitive interventions, a follow up study. Behaviour Research and Therapy,29, 357-362.
MICHELSON, L.K. & MARCHIONE, K. (1991). Behavior, cognitive, and pharmacological treatments
of panic disorder with agoraphobia: Critique and synthesis. Journal of Consulting and ClinicalPsychology, 59, 100-114.
MILROD, B. & SHEAR, M.K. (1991). Dynamic treatment of panic disorder: A review. Journal ofNervous and Mental Disease, 179, 741-743.
MILROD, B. & BUSCH, F. (1996). Long-term outcome of panic disorder treatment: A review of the
literature. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 723-730.
MINTZ, J., MINTZ, L.I., ARRUDA, M.J. & HWANG, S.S. (1992). Treatments of depression and the
functional capacity to work. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 761-768.
MITCHELL, J.E., HOBERMAN, H.N., PETERSON, C.B. & MUSSELL, M. (1996). Research on the
psychotherapy of bulimia nervosa: Half empty or half full. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 20,
MITCHELL, J.E., PYLE, R.L., ECKERT, E.D., HATSUKAMI, D., POMEROY, C. & ZIMMERMAN,
R. (1990). A comparison study of antidepressants and structured intensive group psychotherapy in the
treatment of bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 149-157.
MITCHELL, J.E., PYLE, R.L., POMOROY, C., ZOLLMAN, M., CROSBY, R., SEIM, H., ECKERT,
E.D. & ZIMMERMAN, R. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral group psychotherapy of bulimia nervosa:
Importance of logistic variables. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 277-287.
MORROW-BRADLEY, C. & ELLIOTT, R. (1986). Utilization of psychotherapy research. AmericanPsychologist, 41, 188-197.
MUNBY, J. & JOHNSTON, D.W. (1980). Agoraphobia: The long-term follow-up of behavioural
treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 418-427.
NATHAN, P.E. & GORMAN, J.M. (1998). A guide to treatments that work. New York: Oxford
NEZU, A.M. (1986). Efficacy of social problem-solving therapy approach for unipolar depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196-202.
NEZU, A.M. & PERRI, M.G. (1989). Social problem-solving therapy for unipolar depression: An initial
dismantling investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 408-413.
OST, L.-G. (1978). Fading vs. systematic desensitization in the treatment of snake and spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 379-389.
OST, L.-G. (1987). Applied relaxation: Description of a coping technique and review of controlled
studies. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25, 397-409.
OST, L.-G. (1988). Applied relaxation vs progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 13-22.
OST, L.-G., JERREMALM, A. & JOHANSSON, J. (1981). Individual response patterns and the effects
of different behavioural methods in the treatment of social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19,
OST, L.-G., SALKOVSKIS, P.M. & HELLSTROM, K. (1991). One-session therapist-directed exposure
vs. self-exposure in the treatment of spider phobia. Behavior Therapy, 22, 407-422.
O’SULLIVAN, G., NOSHIRVANI, H. & MARKS, I. (1991). Six-year follow-up after exposure and
clomipramine therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 52, 150-155.
PAUL, G.L. (1967a). Insight vs desensitization in psychotherapy two years after termination. Journal ofConsulting Psychology,31, 333-348.
PAUL, G.L. (1967b). Strategy outcome research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology,
PAUL, G.L. & SHANNON, D.T. (1966). Treatment of anxiety through systematic desensitization in
therapy groups. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 123-135.
PILLAY, M. & CRISP, A.H. (1981). The impact of social skills training within an established inpatient
treatment program for anorexia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 533-539.
POWER, K.G., SIMPSON, R.J., SWANSON, V. & WALLACE, L.A. (1990). A controlled comparison
of cognitive-behavior therapy, diazepam, and placebo, alone and in combination, for the treatment of
generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 267-292.
RESICKE, P.A., JORDAN, C.G., GIRELLI, S.A., HUTTER, C.K. & MARHOEFER-DVORAK, S.
(1988). A comparative outcome study of behavioral group therapy for sexual assault victims. Behavior
RESICKE, P.A. & SCHNICKE, M.K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 784-756.
ROBINSON, L.A., BERMAN, J.S. & NEIMEYER, R.A. (1990). Psychotherapy for the treatment of
depression: A comprehensive review of controlled outcome research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 30-49.
RORER, L.G. (1991). Some myths of science in psychology. In D. Cicchetti & W.M. Grove (Eds.)
Thinking clearly about psychology, Vol 1. (pp. 61-87). Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press.
ROTH, A. & FONAGY, P. (1996). What works for whom? A critical review of psychotherapy research.
SALKOVSKIS, P.M., CLARK, D.M. & HACKMANN, A. (1991). Treatment of panic attacks using
cognitive therapy without exposure or breathing retraining. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 29, 161-
SAUNDERS, T., DRISKELL, J.E., HALL, J. & SALAS, E. (1996). The effect of stress inoculation
training on anxiety and performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 170-186.
SCHOLING, A. & EMMELKAMP, P.M.G. (1993). Exposure with and without cognitive therapy for
generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 667-681.
SCHOLING, A. & EMMELKAMP, P.M.G. (1996). Treatment of generalized social phobia: Results at
long-term follow-up. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 447-452.
SHALEV, A.Y., BONNE, O. & ETH, S. (1996). Treatment of posttraumatic disorder: A review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 165-182.
SOKOL, L., BECK, A.T., GREENBERG, R.L., WRIGHT, F.D. & BERCHICK, R.J. (1989). Cognitive
therapy of panic disorder: A nonpharmacological alternative. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
SOLOMON, S.D., GERRITY, E.T. & MUFF, A.M. (1992). Efficacy of treatments for posttraumatic
stress disorder: An empirical review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 633-688.
SOLYOM, L. & SOOKMAN, D. (1977). A comparison of clomipramine hydrochloride (Anfranil) and
behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive neurosis. Journal of International Medical Research,
STEKETEE, G. & SHAPIRO, L.J. (1995). Predicting behavioral treatment outcome for agoraphobia and
obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 15, 317-346.
STRANVYNSKI, A., & GREENBERG, D. (1992). The psychological management of depression. ActaPsychiatrica Scandinavica, 85, 407-414.
STRANVYNSKI, A., MARKS, I. & YULE, W. (1982). Social skills problems in neurotic outpatients:
Social skills training with and without cognitive modification. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1378-
STRANVYNSKI, A., BELISLE, M., MARCOUILLER, M., LAVALLEE, Y.J. & ELLIE, R. (1994).
The treatment of avoidant personality disorder by social skills training in the clinic or in real-life settings. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 377-383.
TAYLOR, S. (1996). Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for social phobia. Journal ofBehavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 27, 1-9.
TELCH, M.J., LUCAS, J.A. & SCHMIDT, N.B., HANNA, H.H., JAIMZ, T.S. & LUCAS, R.A. (1993).
Group cognitive behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 279-287.
THACKWRAY, D.E., SMITH, M.C., BODFISH, J.W. & MEYERS, A.W. (1993). A comparison of
behavioral and cognitive-behavioral interventions for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 61, 639-645.
THASE, M.E., BOWLER, K. & HARDEN, T. (1991). Cognitive behavior therapy of endogenous
depression, part 2: Preliminary findings in 16 unmedicated in-patients. Behavior Therapy, 22, 469-477.
THASE, M.E., GREENHOUSE, J.B., FRANK, E., REYNOLDS, C.F., PILKONIS, P.A., HURLEY, K.,
GROCHOCINKSKI, V. & KUPFER, D.J. (1997). Treatment of major depression with psychotherapy or
psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 1009-1015.
TREASURE, J., TODD, G., BROLLY, M., TILLER, J., NEHMED, A. & DENMAN, F. (1995). A pilot
study of a randomised trial of cognitive analytical therapy versus educational behavioural therapy for
adult anorexia nervosa. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 363-367.
TRULL, T.J., NIETZEL, M.T. & MAIN, A. (1988). The use of meta-analysis to assess the clinical
significance of behavior therapy for agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 19, 527-538.
van BALKOM, A.J.L.M., van OPPEN, P., VERMEULEN, A.W.A., NAUTA, N.C.E., VORST, H.C.M.
& van DYCK, R. (1994). A meta-analysis on the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder: A
comparison of antidepressants, behaviour and cognitive therapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 359-
van BALKOM, A.J.L.M., BAKKER, A., SPINHOVEN, P., BLAAUW, B.M.J.W., SMEENK, S. &
RUESINK, B. (1997). A meta-analysis of the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: A
comparison of psychopharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and combination treatments. Journal ofNervous and Mental Disease, 185, 510-516.
van OPPEN, P., de HAAN, E., van BALKOM, A.J.L.M., SPINHOVEN, P., HOOGDUIN, K. & van
DYCK, R. (1995). Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive
disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 379-390.
WALDINGER, R.J. & GUNDERSON, J.G. (1984). Completed psychotherapies with borderline patients. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38, 190-202.
WILSON, G.T. & FAIRBURN, C.G. (1993). Cognitive treatments for eating disorders. Journal ofConsulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 261-269.
WILSON, S.A., BECKER, L.A. & TINKER, R.H. (1995). Eye-movement desensitization and
reprocessing (EMDR) treatment for psychologically traumatized individuals. Journal of Consulting andClinical Psychology, 63, 928-937.
WINSTON, A., LAIKIN, M., POLLACK, J., SAMSTAG, L.W., McCULLOCH, L. & MURAN, J.C.
(1994). Short-term psychotherapy of personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 190-
WLAZLO, Z., SCHROEDER-HARTWIG, K., HAND, I., KAISER, G. & MUNCHAU, N. (1990).
Exposure in vivo vs social skills training for social phobia: Long-term outcome and differential effects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 181-193.
WOODY, G.E., LUBORSKY, L., McLELLAN, A.T. & O’BRIEN, C.P. (1990). Corrections and revised
analyses for psychotherapy in methadone maintenance patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 788-
WOY, R.J. & EFRAN, J.S. (1972). Systematic desensitization and expectancy in the treatment of
speaking anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 43-49.
YOUNG, J.E. (1989). The role of interpersonal strategies in schema focused cognitive therapy for
personality disorders. World Congress of Cognitive Therapy. Oxford, September.
FAST ACTING • KILLS WEEDS, ALGAE AND MOSS EPA Reg. No. 67702-8-17545EPA Est. No. 48498-CA-1U.S. Patent Number 5,919,733 ACTIVE INGREDIENT: PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AGRICULTURAL USE REQUIREMENTS (PPE) REQUIREMENTS OTHER INGREDIENTS : . 78% Applicators and other handlers must wear: TOTAL . 100% Coveralls worn over short-sleeved shirt andfootwear, waterproof gloves and p
American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Saturday, July 19, 1997 4:45 (6) Development of a Swine Animal Peppermill Hotel & Casino Model Where Opportunistic Invasion of the Colon by Campylobacter jejuni Occurs Spontaneously 12:00-3:00 AAVP Board Meeting 1:00-8:00 Speaker Prep Refreshments 2:00 Registration - Ballroom Lobby 5:15 (7) Anthelmintic Use on Saskatc