Prevalence of formal accusations of murder and euthanasia against physicians. Goldstein NE, Cohen LM, Arnold RM, Goy E, Arons S, Ganzini L.
BACKGROUND: Little is known about how often physicians are formally
accused of hastening patient deaths while practicing palliative care.
METHODS: We conducted an Internet-based survey on a random 50%
sample of physician-members of a national hospice and palliative
medicine society. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 663 physicians (response rate
53%). Over half of the respondents had had at least one experience in the
last 5 years in which a patient's family, another physician, or another
health care professional had characterized palliative treatments as being
euthanasia, murder, or killing. One in four stated that at least one friend
or family member, or a patient had similarly characterized their
treatments. Respondents rated palliative sedation and stopping artificial hydration/nutrition as treatments most likely to be misconstrued as
euthanasia. Overall, 25 physicians (4%) had been formally investigated
for hastening a patient's death when that had not been their intention-13
while using opiates for symptom relief and six for using medications while
discontinuing mechanical ventilation. In eight (32%) cases, another
member of the health care team had initiated the charges. At the time of
the survey, none had been found guilty, but they reported experiencing substantial anger and worry.
CONCLUSIONS: Commonly used palliative care practices continue to be
misconstrued as euthanasia or murder, despite this not being the
intention of the treating physician. Further efforts are needed to explain to
the health care community and the public that treatments often used to
relieve patient suffering at the end of life are ethical and legal.
JOW comment: Interesting and uncomfortable evidence from the US where, sometimes, even individuals within a team assert a stance against their colleagues’ actions in end-of-life management. Evolution of requests to hasten death among patients managed by palliative care teams in France: a multicentre cross-sectional
Ferrand E, Dreyfus JF, Chastrusse M, Ellien F, Lemaire F, Fischler M. Eur J Cancer. 2012 Feb;48(3):368-76. Epub 2011 Oct 28.
BACKGROUND: Strongly marked ideological positions on the impact of
palliative care and limited hard data plague the debate on physician-
METHODS: A national cross-sectional study on the requests to hasten
death (RHD) was conducted among 789 French palliative care
organisations. Data were collected for all patients with RHD encountered during year 2010. Data on patients' characteristics, medical, psychological
and social context, symptoms, nature of palliative management, patient's
evolution and palliative care team's interpretation of the request were
FINDINGS: A majority of centres responded and 342 teams provided
descriptions of 783 RHD, 476 by a patient, 258 by relatives or close friends and 49 by the nursing staff. Cancer was the most frequent
pathology (72%) and 68% of the patients had entered terminal stage.
Patients rarely appeared with uncontrolled pain (3.7%), but had
difficulties with feeding (65%), moving (54%), excretion (49%), or were
cachectic (39%); 31% were considered to be anxio-depressive; 79% did
not give physical reasons for their request; 37% of RHD were maintained
and 24% fluctuated despite provision of regular follow-up by a palliative
care team to 83% of all cases; 68% of patients died within a month; the interpretation of RHD by the staff was a wish for relief (69%), patient's
inextricable situation (44%), actual desire not to continue living (36%) or
INTERPRETATION: The large number of described cases provides, for the
first time, comprehensive hard data on the evolution of RHDs in a country
that has not legalised euthanasia. Whatever the way RHD are expressed,
they are frequently maintained despite adequate palliative care with suitable control of pain and psychological support by specialists.
JOW comment: The authors’ interpretation says it all, more evidence that Narratives of ‘terminal sedation’ and the importance of the intention-foresight distinction in palliative care practice. Douglas CD, Kerridge IH, Ankeny RA.
Bioethics. 2011 Jul 4. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2011.01895.x.
The moral importance of the 'intention-foresight' distinction has long been
a matter of philosophical controversy, particularly in the context of end-
of-life care. Previous empirical research in Australia has suggested that
general physicians and surgeons may use analgesic or sedative infusions
with ambiguous intentions, their actions sometimes approximating 'slow euthanasia'.
In this paper, we report findings from a qualitative study of 18 Australian
palliative care medical specialists, using in-depth interviews to address
The majority of subjects were agnostic or atheistic. In contrast to their
colleagues in acute medical practice, these Australian palliative care
specialists were almost unanimously committed to distinguishing their actions from euthanasia. This commitment appeared to arise principally
from the need to maintain a clear professional role, and not obviously
from an ideological opposition to euthanasia. While some respondents
acknowledged that there are difficult cases that require considered
reflection upon one's intention, and where there may be some 'mental
gymnastics,' the nearly unanimous view was that it is important, even in
these difficult cases, to cultivate an intention that focuses exclusively on
the relief of symptoms. We present four narratives of 'terminal' sedation - cases where sedation
was administered in significant doses just before death, and may well
have hastened death. Considerable ambiguities of intention were evident
in some instances, but the discussion around these clearly exceptional
cases illustrates the importance of intention to palliative care specialists in
JOW comment: This gives one an insight into the thinking of palliative care specialists who persistently oppose choice for voluntary euthanasia, without religious beliefs obscuring the discussion. The answer: they role-play at being palliative care specialists. Senior doctors' opinions of rational suicide.
Ginn S, Price A, Rayner L, Owen GS, Hayes RD, Hotopf M, Lee W.
J Med Ethics. 2011 Dec;37(12):723-6. Epub 2011 Sep 27.
CONTEXT: The attitudes of medical professionals towards physician
assisted dying have been widely discussed. Less explored is the level of agreement among physicians on the possibility of 'rational suicide'-a
considered suicide act made by a sound mind and a precondition of
OBJECTIVE: To assess attitudes towards rational suicide in a
representative sample of senior doctors in England and Wales.
METHODS: A postal survey was conducted of 1000 consultants and
general practitioners randomly selected from a commercially available database. The main outcome of interest was level of agreement with a
RESULTS: The corrected participation rate was 50%; 363 questionnaires
were analysed. Overall 72% of doctors agreed with the possibility of
rational suicide, 17% disagreed, and 11% were neutral. Doctors who
identified themselves as being more religious were more likely to
disagree. Some doctors who disagreed with legalisation of physician
assisted suicide nevertheless agreed with the concept of rational suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Most senior doctors in England and Wales feel that
rational suicide is possible. There was no association with specialty.
Strong religious belief was associated with disagreement, although levels
of agreement were still high in people reporting the strongest religious
belief. Most doctors who were opposed to physician assisted suicide
believed that rational suicide was possible, suggesting that some medical
opposition is best explained by other factors such as concerns of assessment and protection of vulnerable patients.
JOW comment: Like the abstract above (Douglas et al.), it is agreed that there can be a rational basis for suicide/VE, this time specifically noting Medical end-of-life decisions: does its use differ in vulnerable patient groups? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rietjens JA, Deschepper R, Pasman R, Deliens L.
Soc Sci Med. 2012 Apr;74(8):1282-7. Epub 2012 Feb 17.
Medical end-of-life decisions, defined as end-of-life practices with a
potential or certain life-shortening effect, precede almost 50% of deaths
in Western countries, and receive ample medical-ethical attention. This
systematic review aims to detect whether there are differences in the prevalence of medical end-of-life decisions in 'vulnerable' patient groups.
In 2009, five major databases were scrutinized for publications containing
original data on the prevalence of euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide,
life-ending without explicit patient request, intensified symptom
alleviation, non-treatment decisions and palliative sedation by social
factors (eg age, gender and SES). Heterogeneous findings were pooled
using a random effects model. We identified 6377 papers of which 51
papers were selected, involving over 1.09 million patients. Most publications reported the prevalence of non-treatment decisions. The
most studied social factors were age and gender. Among patients older
than eighty years, non-treatment decisions occurred more frequently
compared with younger patients, while intensified symptom alleviation,
palliative sedation, euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide and life-ending
without explicit request were practiced less often. Similar patterns of
association, although less strong, were found for female patients compared with males and those with lower levels of education versus
more highly-educated patients. We conclude that the administration of
medication with a potential or certain life-shortening effect seemed
generally to be practiced less often among the elderly, females and less
well-educated patients compared with younger, male or more educated
patients, while decisions that include the withdrawal or withholding of
treatments seem to be more common in these groups. Further studies should focus on investigating whether these differences reflect less than
optimal end-of-life care for specific patient groups.
JOW comment: Again we have evidence that vulnerable groups are less likely to access voluntary euthanasia, contrary to the oft-repeated Opinions of health care professionals and the public after eight years of euthanasia legislation in the Netherlands: A mixed method approach.
Kouwenhoven PS, Raijmakers NJ, Delden JJ, Rietjens J, Schermer MH, van
Thiel GJ, Trappenburg M, van de Vathorst S, van der Vegt B, Vezzoni C,
Palliat Med. 2012 Jun 13. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide
(PAS) in the Netherlands has been regulated since 2002 by the
Euthanasia Act. In the ongoing debate about the interpretation of this Act,
comparative information about the opinions of the different stakeholders
AIM: To evaluate the opinions of Dutch physicians, nurses and the general
public on the legal requirements for euthanasia and PAS.
DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey among Dutch physicians and nurses in primary and secondary care and members of the Dutch general public,
followed by qualitative interviews among selected respondents. The
participants were: 793 physicians, 1243 nurses and 1960 members of the
general public who completed the questionnaire; 83 were interviewed.
RESULTS: Most respondents agreed with the requirement of a patient
request (64-88%) and the absence of a requirement concerning life expectancy (48-71%). PAS was thought acceptable by 24-39% of
respondents for patients requesting it because of mental suffering due to
loss of control, chronic depression or early dementia. In the case of
severe dementia, one third of physicians, 58% of nurses and 77% of the
general public agreed with performing euthanasia based on an advance
directive. Interviewees illustrated these findings and supported the Act.
CONCLUSIONS: Health care professionals and the general public mostly
support the legal requirements for euthanasia and PAS. The law permits euthanasia or PAS for mental suffering but this possibility is not widely
endorsed. The general public is more liberal towards euthanasia for
advanced dementia than health care professionals. We conclude that
there is ample support for the law after eight years of legal euthanasia.
JOW comment: An unsurprising survey from the Netherlands: acceptance and support for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia. Again there is the sour note that persons with dementia have their advance directives discounted by physicians, a problem that we have previously encountered.
SYLLABUS M.Sc CHEMISTRY SEMESTER – I and II Department of Chemistry Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh Universty Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh Universty Mundra Road, Bhuj-Kachchh DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) M.Sc. Semester – I C-101: INORGANIC CHEMSITRY EACH UNIT IS OF 20 MARKS Unit – 1: Quantum Mechanics
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