Compendium of Drugs and Compounds Used in Amphibians1
Antibacterial Compounds
50 mg/kg SQ, IM or IC q 24 hr; 20 mg/L bath; 10
10 mg/kg PO q 24-48 hr for 7 tx; 25-37.5 mg/gal for 6-8
2.5 mg/kg IM q 72 hr (cold temp. of 3°C); 3 mg/kg IM q
24 hr (warm temp. of 2°C); 13 mg/kg q 48 hr
(axolotel); 8 µg/mL in 0.5% saline as 24-hr bath for 5
50 mg/kg PO q 24 hr for 3 days, 50 mg/L bath for up to
10 mg/L bath; 10 µg/ml in 0.5% saline bath for 24 hr
10-20 mg/L bath for 24 hr; 100 mg/L bath for up to
1 g/kg diet for 7 days; 100 mg/L bath for 1 hr; 125 mg/L
50 mg/kg PO q 12 hr; 10 µg/ml in 0.5% saline bath for
15 mg/kg PO q 24 hr up to 21 days; 20 µg/mL in 0.5%
saline bath for 24 hr; 80 µg/mL in 0.5% saline bath for
1IC, intracoelomic; IM, intramuscular; PO, per os; SQ, subcutaneous; tx, treatment.
Stephen A. Smith, D.V.M., Ph.D., is Professor of Aquatic Medicine/Fish Health and Director of the Aquatic Medicine Laboratory, Department of BiomedicalSciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Stephen A. Smith, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VMRCVM, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute & State University, Duck Pond Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0442, or email stsmith7@vt.edu. Antifungal Compounds
0.5 mL of a 0.45% acriflavin/0.00075% methylene blue
stock added to 1 L Holtfreter’s solution as a 24-hr
2 mg/L as a 60-min bath q 24 hr; 0.25 mg/L, bath for 72
500 mg/L for 2 min q 24 hr for 5 days, then q 7 days
2-10 mg/kg PO q 24 hr for 14-28 days, 0.01% liquid
form in 0.6% saline as a 5-min bath for 11 days
10 mg/kg PO q 24 hr; 10-20 mg/kg PO q 24 hr for
50 mg/mL as a 10 second dip, 2-4 mg/L as a
200 mg/L bath q 24 hr for 5 min; 1 g/100 ml as topical
4-6 g/L bath for 72 hr; 10-25 g/L bath for 5-30 min; 20
Antiparasitic Compounds—Protozoa
500 mg/L dip for 2 min q 24 hr; 0.0001 mg/L bath to
1.5 ml/L of a 10% formalin solution dip for 10 min q
10 mg/kg PO once; 10 mg/kg PO q 24 hr for 5-10 days;
50 mg/kg PO q 24 hr fo 3-5 days; 100-150 mg/kg PO
q 14-21 days; 50 mg/L bath for up to 24 hr
30 mg/L bath for up to 1 hr (for hemoprotozoans)
4-6 g/L bath for 24-72 hr; 6 g/L bath for 3-5 days; 10-25
Antiparasitic Compounds—Helminths
10 mg/kg PO once; 50 mg/kg PO SID for 3-5 days; 100
mg/kg PO q 10 days, 100 mg/kg PO q 10-14 days,
2 mg/kg topically, then rinse off after a few minutes;
0.2-0.4 mg/kg PO once; 0.2-0.4 mg/kg PO or IM q 14days
8-10 mg/kg IC or topically q 14-21 days; 10 mg/kg IM q
14 days; 50-100 mg/L bath for 1-8 hr q 7 days;
100-300 mg/L bath for 24 hr q 7-4 days for a
minimum of 3 tx; 100-300 mg/L bath fo 72 hr q 14-21days for a minimum of 3 tx
10 mg/L bath up to 3 hr q 7-21 days; 8-24 mg/kg PO,
Compounds for Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia
50 mg/L (larvae); 200-300 mg/L (adult), buffered with
sodium bicarbonate to adjust pH to around 7.0-7.4(sedation, anesthesia)
40 mg/kg SQ (for 4+ hr analgesia); 120 mg/kg SQ (for
3-5% induction, 1-2% maintenance (terrestrial species);
3 mL/L: bubbled into water to effect for aquaticspecies (sedation, anesthesia)
20-40 mg/kg ketamine/0.2-0.4 mg/kg diazepam IM
38 mg/kg SQ once (for analgesia); 30-100 mg/kg SQ,
200-500+ mg/L bath, buffered with and equal amount of
sodium bicarbonate to adjust pH to ∼7.0-7.4
(sedation, anesthesia); 10 mg/L bath for minimum of30 min followed by cervical separation (euthanasia)
Vitamins
25 mg/kg PO prn; 50-100 mg/kg IM or IC prn
2-3 iu/mL continuous bath; 100-400 iu/kg PO q 24 h;
1000 iu/kg IM once 24 hr after resolution of tetanyfollowing Ca tx
Hormones
Gonadotropin-releasing 0.1 mg/kg SC, IM, repeat prn (induction of ovulation)
250-400 IU SC, IM (induction of ovulation); 50-100 IU
SC, IM (sperm release); 300 IU SC, IM (sperm
Miscellaneous Compounds for Use in Amphibians
0.1 mg/kg SQ or IM prn (for organophosphate toxicosis)
50 iu/kg q 7 days (possibly for metabolic bone disease)
1 mg/kg PO q 24 hr (for metabolic bone disease)
100 mg/kg IM, IV, or IC (for hypocalcemic tetany)
1 drop/100 g (for respiratory problems and cardiac
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Health Questionnaire Please Complete All Sections of This 4 Page Questionnaire Skin History: Skin Care Concerns: Other (please specify)____________________________________________ Facial and Microdermabrasion History: Topical Skin Care History: (check all that applies) Herpes History: Never diagnosed with oral or genital herpes Treated for oral
Chronic Daily Cannabis Smoking: Neuroadaptation, Residual Cannabinoid Excretion & Psychomotor Impairment Professor Dr. Dr. (h.c.) Marilyn A. Huestis Chief, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore USA, and Adjunct Professor, School of Medicine, University of Maryland